How to Trade Bitcoin with Only $100 for Beginners: A Complete Guide

Can you start Bitcoin trading with as little as 100 dollars?” Yes! And here is how you do it! 

Most newbies believe that trading cryptocurrencies take a large sum of money, however, it may be possible to get started in the exciting world of bitcoins and cryptocurrencies with even a smaller amount of only $100. This guide will undoubtedly help you in a step-by-step way for novices, regardless of your goals—whether they want to build a tiny investment, understand how it works, or fear the risks involved. You will learn how to trade Bitcoin with $100, analyse the market by helping you develop practical strategies, and understand step-by-step instructions to help keep you away from common pitfalls. Are you ready to make your money work smarter, not harder? Then let’s go!

Why is Bitcoin Important in the Crypto Market?

Bitcoin is often considered the ruling “king” of all digital currencies, referred to as a decentralised currency, enabling exchange between two parties without any involvement of a central authority like banks or government agencies. An anonymous creator or group who goes by an alias, Satoshi Nakamoto launched this currency in 2009. It is a revolution in providing the world with a technology called “blockchain,” which promises a highly secure, transparent, and decentralised ledger system. Bitcoin is becoming known as a financial innovator and a brand of independence. Let’s see why Bitcoin is important!

• First Mover’s Advantage: As the first cryptocurrency, Bitcoin paved the way for establishing the entire cryptocurrency industry and cultivated trust and recognition among people with intentions to invest.
• Digital Gold: Bitcoin, like gold, is regarded as a value-storage entity because its supply is capped at 21 million coins.
• Adoption and Popularity: The wide acceptance by businesses and the ability to be traded everywhere in the world make Bitcoin the most liquid cryptocurrency and the most traded digital asset.

Bitcoin Trading 101: Important Terms to Learn for Every Newbie

Beginners must be familiar with essential terms to understand Bitcoin trading. Below are the most important and widely used terms:

• Digital Wallet: It is a digital tool that one can secretly save Bitcoin with them. This can be compared to your virtual wallet holding cash in it. Example: Hardware wallet (like Ledger) are physical wealth safe; mobile wallets are like secure applications (like Trust Wallet).
• Exchange: The places where every person purchases, sells, or trades their bitcoins. For trading your bitcoins without much hassle, try Binance.
• Leverage: By this, leverage means to borrow from the platform its assumed amount of cash and trade more than what you really possess with an increase in potential profit but also in risk. With 10x leverage, your $100 investment behaves like $1,000, but losses also multiply.
• Market Order: A trade executed immediately at the price of the market at present. Example: If present Bitcoin costs $30,000, then a market order will buy or sell at this amount.
• Stop-Loss Order: This is an order to sell your bitcoins automatically when the price goes down to a certain level to limit your loss. For example, if you buy bitcoins at $30,000, stop-loss at $28,000 will ensure that you do not lose more than $2,000.
• Market Volatility: The rapid changes in prices that make Bitcoin trading exciting yet risky.

Professional Tip: Start with a demo account, then trade real money, getting familiar with these terms and concepts.

How Can Someone Start Trading Bitcoin worth 1000’s of Dollars with Just $100? 

Now comes the most intriguing part of the article which is how it can be possible for someone to trade bitcoins that are the priciest cryptocurrency. It seems a little too idealistic for someone having only $100 to trade Bitcoin which is worth more than $97,246. But here comes the bright side: you don’t need to buy the whole Bitcoin just to get started trading! 

It is possible to buy and trade in even the tiniest of fractions because a Bitcoin could be subdivided into smaller units called Satoshis (named after its creator Satoshi Nakamoto), with one Bitcoin corresponding to 100 million Satoshis (0.00000001 BTC). So investing $100 into cryptocurrency will allow you to get around 0.003 BTC when worth $30,000.

What is Fractional Bitcoin Trading?

In fractional trading, traders need to start with small amounts rather than having to spend thousands on acquiring a full Bitcoin. Just $100 will familiarize you with the ropes as a newbie and thus it’s a safer way to experiment and build your skills without risking much capital. Most cryptocurrency exchanges give you the opportunity of setting the exact dollar amount you want to invest, literally converting it into fractional bitcoins.

How Fractional Bitcoin Trading Works

• Step 1: Deposit your $100 into a cryptocurrency exchange that supports fractional trading.
• Step 2: Use the platform’s tools to determine how much Bitcoin you can buy. For example with the current price of Bitcoin at about $30,000 per coin, your $100 would buy approximately 0.0033 BTC.
• Step 3: This portion of bitcoin you buy is now yours to either trade or hold like holding shares in a company.

Satoshis: The Building Blocks of Bitcoin

To make fractional trading easier to understand, Bitcoin’s smallest unit, the Satoshi, is often compared to cents in a dollar:

• 1 Bitcoin = 100,000,000 Satoshis.
• If Bitcoin is worth $30,000, then 1 Satoshi equals $0.0003.
• Your $100 buys roughly 333,333 Satoshis (0.003 BTC).

Bitcoin is suitable for beginners to trade because of this mechanism, which guarantees that everyone may access it, regardless of their beginning budget. 

How to Trade Bitcoin with $100?

Trading bitcoins using a $100 budget sounds like an impossible task. However, with the right trading platform and the right guidance, this proves to not be the case. This section provides practical steps on how to trade Bitcoin with $100.

1. Finding the Right Platform: Your journey begins with choosing a reliable and beginner-friendly cryptocurrency exchange. Not all platforms are equal, so choosing wisely can greatly affect your trading experience.
2. Low Fees: Avoid platforms with high trading or deposit fees for a $100 investment since they will reduce your small purchasing power. Instead, seek out exchanges with competitive cost structures, like Binance, Kraken, or Coinbase.
3. User-Friendly Interface: Intuitive navigation, clear charts, and beginner-imparted tutorials should be part of the item that you are considering.
4. Security Measures: Check whether the exchange also has these features: 2FA and insurance against breach.
5. Demo Accounts: Some of the platforms currently offer demo trading accounts that will give you a chance to practice without the risks of putting your cash at stake.
6. Local Currency Support: Identify an exchange that would support you in making deposits with your local currency without incurring conversion or exchange fees.

How to Trade Bitcoin with $100: Well-Liked Beginner-Friendly Platforms

• Binance: The low fees and user-friendly interface, along with the existence of its mobile application, make it a good choice for beginners.
• Coinbase: It is considered easy and has tutoring resources.
• Kraken: Competitive fees and a highly secure environment.

These platforms allow traders to trade Bitcoin with $100 easily and effectively. You can also look into the tips to choose the right trading platform to make a better selection.

How to Trade Bitcoin with $100: Steps To Creating Your Account

After that, the next thing to do is create an account with the chosen platform. Here’s how to do that:

Step 1: Registration

• Go to the site or app of the exchange.
• Click on the “Sign Up” button and fill in your email plus a secure password.
• You will be sent a confirmation link in your inbox to verify your email address.

Step 2: KYC Verification

• Most require KYC verification for safety reasons.
• Upload a government-issued ID (passport, driver’s license, etc.) Take a selfie or upload a document for identity confirmation.
• Wait for the platform to approve your account. This can happen between minutes to a couple of hours.

Step 3: Deposit Money

• Proceed to the “Deposit” section on the platform.
• Choose the mode of payment that suits you best (be it credit card, bank transfer or digital wallets).
• State the amount to be deposited (e.g, $100) and confirm.
• Funds will appear in your account after processing, often instantly for digital payments.

Step 4: Understand Fee 

Trading with $100 means one must pay special attention to fees because even small fees cut into your potential profits. 

Here is the summary  of common fees:

• Trading Fees will be charged for every buy or sell transaction. Look for exchanges that charge fees between 0.1% to 0.5%. For example: for a $100 trade, the cost of 0.1% is equal to $0.10.
• Deposit Fees: Some platforms charge a deposit fee mainly for credit card use.
• Bank transfer is often without fees or some very minimal amount.
• Withdrawal Fees: Fees incurred in withdrawing bitcoin to a wallet or conversion into fiat. For instance: Charges for Bitcoin withdrawal are 0.0005 BTC (~$15 at $30,000/BTC).

Tips on Avoiding Fees

• Deposit via bank transfer or local wallets to avoid deposit fees.
• Choose exchanges with tiered fees where the level of your trading activity determines how much you pay in fees.

How Newbies Can Make Profits Trading Bitcoin with a Starting Investment of $100?

You’ll need to have some real hunting instincts to profit from the Bitcoin exchange, even if it means putting in a measly $100. It is possible, but it will be a test of strategy, patience, and how well you have understood the trends in the marketplace. Here’s how beginners can try to profit from it:

1. Buying and Selling Bitcoin Based on Its Price Movements: Short-Term Profits

To learn how to trade Bitcoin with $100, beginners should keep an eye on Bitcoin price movements. Beginners can buy Bitcoin relatively low and then sell off when it spikes. This type of trading relies on short-term price fluctuations. With only $100 in the capital, small Bitcoin price movements, as minimal as 1 to 5 percentage increases, certainly produce revenues even if they are small, say $5 if Bitcoin’s value went by 5%.

Important: The best made prices can drop as quickly as they can rise. Thus, all profits are largely dependent upon analysing the trend in the market and determine the right timing for purchases and sales.

2. Hold for the Long Time (Long-Term Profits)

The other way is buying bitcoins and HODLing them over a longer duration. If the price of the coin shoots up in months or years, it can lead to a much bigger incremental return on your investment. Like, suppose you bought $100 worth of bitcoin at a price of $25,000 for 1 BTC. In that case, you will have 0.004 BTC, and if the price increases to $50,000 for 1 BTC, your 0.004 BTC will turn into $200, which is 100% return on your investment.

Warning: The investor’s patience and ability to ride out market swings are vital for achieving greater returns from long-term investments because it could stand better returns if the Bitcoin price keeps rising with time.

3. Make Money With Bitcoin’s Volatility: Swing Trading

Swing trading is based on the principle that you’re going to buy Bitcoin and hold it a number of days or weeks to catch a small upward or downward movement. The post would be a buy or sell position without noticing prices all night.

The beginning trader uses a few cents of his $100 buying Bitcoin at lower prices and sells them at a higher price to capitalize on the natural volatility of the market. However, to profit from swing trading, you need the skill to know where to enter and exit.

Profit really depends on crypto market movements but with $100 a beginner can make little returns. For example, If Bitcoin goes up by 5% for a while, $100 will yield 5 bucks. If Bitcoin increases more (for argument’s sake, by about 20%), your $100 may now increase to $120.

Note: The profits may also be converted into losses, especially on very small investments. Novices should bring their expectations down to the reality that Bitcoin is quite volatile and can go either way.

4. Control Expectations 

$100 won’t crush the bank; however, it will certainly help users in learning the ropes of Bitcoin trading in preparation for greater investments in the future. Gradually, as more learning and trading experience are gained, it will be possible to use advanced techniques and better trading strategies, eventually producing a more outstanding profit over time.

Minimizing the Risks of Trading Bitcoin with $100

Trading Bitcoin with a little capital will depend on a very sensible and diligent approach. Treat risk very carefully; possibly, it can protect your wallet, but more importantly, very well may draw your cash. 

Some Effective Risk Management Strategies

To learn how to trade bitcoin with $100, traders must first understand the risks associated to trading to minimise the chance of losing their hard-earned money. Let’s look at some effective risk management strategies.

1. Invest Only What You Can Afford to Lose

• Never trade with rent money or cash for groceries.
• Think of that $100 as tuition to the school of trading; any profit gained should be viewed as a bonus.

2. Set Stop-Loss Orders

• Stop-loss orders automatically sell your Bitcoin when it dips to a specified price point so as to limit losses.
• Moving to your trading platform’s order settings.
• Pick out the stop-loss option and write down the price at which you intend to close.

3. Take Profit Level Setting

• In take-profit orders, sell when a price, in your case, reaches your level of profit.

4. Avoid Overleveraging

• A leverage allows you to trade with more money than what you actually own though it can also multiply losses. For beginners, it’s best to avoid or use very low leverage.
• Example: Trading with 2x leverage on $100 means a small 10% market drop can wipe out your entire investment.

5. Diversify Your Trades

• And not just put all of that $100 into Bitcoin. Maybe you would even like to diversify into other cryptocurrencies which are less volatile: Ethereum (ETH) or safe trades like USDT stablecoins.

Types of Market Analysis: Analyzing the Market with $100 Strategies for Beginners

Market analysis helps in determining when it is right to buy, sell, or hold on to your Bitcoin to mitigate risks and maximize potential profits. Without understanding the factors attached to the movements of Bitcoin’s price, one may end up losing money due to false movements. Here are three fundamental strategies for analyzing the market when trading on a small budget:

The types of Market Analysis are as follows:

1. Technical analysis: Reading the Charts

To trade Bitcoin with $100, traders must monitor the trading market and perform market analysis to make right trading decisions. This is viewing Bitcoin’s price history through charts and predicting future price movements. In turn, this enables traders to identify trends and price patterns that will serve as guides in their decisions as far as buying or selling is concerned. 

The main tools for the beginners can be:

• Candlestick Charts; These are said to be among the best forms of visualization for price changes over a period of time. Each “candlestick” gives one the opening price, the closing price, the highest price, and the lowest price for a particular date-hour. Example: As far as a green candlestick for Bitcoin is concerned, this means that the closing price of Bitcoin was higher than that during opening, which can signal bullish traits or prices increasing. For you would be buying to trade on $100; it might be time to do so, expecting that prices will continue to increase.

• Moving Averages: Moving averages indicate a price trend over time in moving average trading. The preceding bit shows how the 50-day moving average takes the average of the last 50 days of prices. If the price goes above the 50-day moving average, it is considered a buy signal for an uptrend Bitcoin. For example, if Bitcoin’s price shows a bullish sign as it moves above the 50-day moving average. Decide to buy this cryptocurrency using your $100, expecting its price to continue increasing. However, if Bitcoin crosses back under this average, this may indicate a downtrend.
• Relative Strength Index (RSI): The RSI is a tool that helps one to know if the asset is most probably overbought or oversold. The range is 0 to 100. It ranges between 70 and 30 with an outlier indicating that Bitcoin is overbought and about to fall below and vice versa. For example, based on the RSI reading of 80, one can say that Bitcoin’s value might be overstretched and hence worthwhile shorting. Those watching will either wait to buy at a better price point or sell into the potential sell-off.

To Use These Tools, firstly, obtain these indicators from TradingView or Binance. Practice trading by using demo accounts to understand how they function in a live environment.

2. Fundamental Analysis: Analysing Bitcoin Value

Fundamental analysis constitutes a global physical view concerning the factors able to affect price in Bitcoin. They may include news events, market mood, regulatory regime, as well as technological advances affecting the value of Bitcoin.

Major Factors to Consider:

• News Events: News greatly influences Bitcoin prices. For example, good news such as acceptance of Bitcoin by a country as legal tender or investments into Bitcoin from large firms like Tesla gy lead to increases in prices. Bad news such as a governmental crackdown or prohibition leads to a decrease in those prices.
• Example: If a country adopts Bitcoin, news will prompt huge demand, and it will push price upward. As a newbie entering with $100, that should be good added pressure to buy into, because the price stands to go up fast. On the other hand, a strong country banning Bitcoin may lead to plummeting prices; hence exercise some caution.
• On-chain Metrics: Such as Bitcoin’s actual transaction volume, the number of active wallets, and the total number of Bitcoins being mined, on-chain metrics represent such figures which would assist one in assessing the extent of Bitcoin’s network activity at any time and the price movements in store in the future. 
• Example: Suppose there is an increase in the transaction volume. Then suddenly the number of people who’s buying or selling Bitcoin has increased, which gives an impression of increased interest in the asset and then may push its price northwards.

3. Sentiment Analysis: Psychology of the Market

With sentiment analysis, one can know how the market feels. For example, the rise or fall in price can either make the participants in the market feel greedy or may bring into play the feelings of fear when the price typically rises. Knowing these things helps a lot when taking trade decisions. A simple tool can be used, such as social media or forums dealing with cryptocurrency, to check the current market sentiment.

Some websites, such as LunarCrush, follow cryptocurrency sentiment and give scores based on social media activity. Through such tools, one can better judge how the market swings mood-wise and make smarter decisions regarding his $100.

How to Make Your First Bitcoin Trade with $100?

Now that you have researched the platform to use, analyzed the market, and established trading risk management strategies, you can execute your first trade. Beginner investor with a meager capital base of $100 has to plan well for the first trade and be extra careful about it. Here are the ways your first Bitcoin trade can be done effectively:

1. Select the Right Type of Order

In cryptocurrency trading, there are several methods that you can utilize to buy or sell your Bitcoin. Knowing these will make your trading more simply executed.

• Market Order: This is probably the simplest of all orders. An order that just says to buy or sell an amount of Bitcoin at the current market price at that moment. An execution will be filled at the best price and is suitable if an order needs to be executed quickly. If you are investing your $100, without a market order, you can tend to get that amount exactly in Bitcoin somewhere else for your investment. 
• Limit Order: A limit order is where you buy or sell Bitcoin at a specific price you decided upon. In contrast to a market order, where your order gets executed immediately at a market price, unless it happens to reflect your price point, you will not catch this limit order at the actual market price touching your limit price. This would be applicable in the instance where your entry cost trade is hoped to be lower than the current market cost. Example: At present, the market value of Bitcoin is $20,000; however, you want to purchase it at $19,500; therefore this will have to be established as a limit-order purchase which will then execute only when the price per coin is reduced to $19,500-thus allowing you to purchase at a lower price.
• Stop-losses and take-profit orders: These are orders that help manage risk. A stop-loss automatically sells your Bitcoin when its price falls below a certain threshold, thus protecting you from undue losses. On the other hand, a take-profit order automatically sells your Bitcoin when its price reaches a target you have set, hence locking in the profit. 

2. Buy Your Bitcoin

So, now that you’ve chosen the order type, it’s time to execute the actual purchase. Here’s how you’d be able to invest your $100 in buying Bitcoin:

• Step 1: Navigate Trading Section: To trade Bitcoin with $100, traders must first buy their Bitcoins (Satoshis). Many platforms will have tabs for “Trade” or “Buy/Sell”, with options to buy bitcoins with it. Select Bitcoin from assets to trade.
• Step 2: Enter the Amount to Invest: Therefore, input the amount you want to invest. You do not have to purchase an entire Bitcoin for $100 when it can cost thousands. Therefore, with $100, you are able to buy a fraction of a bitcoin. Suppose you buy it: If bitcoins are worth, say, $20,000, your $100 will fetch you 0.005 BTC.
• Step 3: Place the Order: Select order type (market order, limit order, etc) and confirm the details. Finally confirm the order, and the trade will be executed according to the stipulated term.

3. Monitor Your Investment

It is necessary for monitoring the trade after executing it. Because market situations change very fast, below are some tips on observation and management of Bitcoin.

• Trace the price of bitcoin: Use real-time trackers of the market like CoinMarketCap or your exchange’s dashboard to find out the price of bitcoin. This would help in assessing better whether it’s time to sell or hold.
• Set Price Alerts: Most platforms nowadays include price alerts. Setting up an alert that informs you the moment bitcoin hits a certain price (for example, the moment you would like to sell at $22,000) helps you stay ahead of and react faster to happenings in the marketplace.

4. Selling Your Bitcoins

When you’ve made a profit or have hit your price target, you might choose to sell your bitcoins. Here’s how you can do it: 

• Step 1: Select the “Sell” option in the Trading Platform: Go to the sell section of your exchange and select Bitcoin as the asset to sell.
• Step 2: Choose Your Order Type: Just like when you buy Bitcoin, you can place a market order or a limit order to sell your Bitcoin. A market order will sell your Bitcoin at the best price available while a limit order will sell at the price you set.

Step 3: Sale Confirmation: If you are satisfied with your details, confirm the sale and your Bitcoins will change ownership. The amounts will either be reflected in your account as fiat currency or in the cryptocurrency of your choice.

5. Withdraw Your Funds

You might want to withdraw your income or balance funds and send them to your bank account or crypto wallet. You can follow these steps:

• Step 1: Navigate to the Withdrawal Section: Go to the withdrawal page of your chosen platform and select a withdrawal option (e.g., bank transfer, PayPal, or cryptocurrency transfer).
• Step 2: Input Withdrawal Details: Provide the amount to withdraw. Make sure you check the right withdrawal method chosen (bank account or wallet address).
• Step 3: Complete Withdrawal: Once everything checks out, confirm the withdrawal; funds will be dispatched to your chosen destination.

How to Trade Bitcoin with $100: Common Mistakes to Avoid

1. Rushing Profits

Caught in a volatile situation, early starters are sometimes lured into chasing quick profits usually given by the digital currency. The desire for speedy money often forces them into impulsive trading, such as buying at a peak at the end of a market climb or going to the other extreme and selling during a panic. So, this kind of attitude results in significant losses, particularly for small investors who have limited amounts like $100. For them, instead of concentrating on short-term gains, it is worth taking up a patient, long-term approach and avoiding the urge for impulsive acts.

2. Overtrading and Decisions Taken Prematurely

The other mistake made by most new Bitcoin traders is overtrading. The emotion probably refers to greed or fear and is manifested in decision-making. For example, some start exposing themselves to many different trades in a desperate attempt to recover money for having lost some cash. This emotional trading would lead one to even bigger losses since it usually shuns rationality in decision-making. A beginner should just stick to a planned trading strategy and check his emotions on market movements.

3. Ignoring Fees and Costs

Trading is a broad view including financial management related to money management most of the time; small investments around $100 are sometimes ignored in this great arena when you let fees do the talking. There are costs attached to every trade, deposit, or withdrawal, and they’d scale up quite fast. Without beginners being clear on the fee structure of their exchange, they might end up making even worse losses than they anticipated. Hence before entering any exchange, research must be done on low-fee exchanges and trade costs incurred are definitely worth the potential profit from that trade.

4. Putting All Money in Bank Accounts

One other major mistake beginners make is to invest the entire $100 in a single Bitcoin investment. Although Bitcoin is the most renowned cryptocurrency, it is equally notorious for its price drifts. You can lose all investments in Bitcoin because when you put all the money into Bitcoin’s eggs, and things turn badly in the market, you will likely face the risk of losing everything. Thus, even with a small amount like $100, diversifying investments can minimize risk. All investments should be distributed into other cryptocurrencies, or assets altogether, so as to hedge against extreme price swings.

5. Not Having Exit Strategy

Having no clear exit strategy is a major downfall for many new traders. Beginners can sometimes hold onto losing positions for far too long or sell them too early without knowing when to take profits or cut losses. For small traders with $100, this can make a difference between turning a small profit or losing the whole amount. Having predefined profit and loss targets at the beginning of the trade can save traders from emotional decision-making once the market moves. This helps maintain control over investments and makes plausible decisions based on pre-set goals.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Can I really start trading with $100 in Bitcoins?

Yes, you can! Bitcoins can be subdivided into small units known as “Satoshis,” so you can trade in Bitcoin, even with a little cash. You can buy a fraction of a Bitcoin with $100 and trade it, even with a small amount.

2. Which exchange should I use to trade Bitcoin with $100?

Some exchanges that cater to beginners tend to provide the following: low trading fees, an easy-to-use interface, and the opportunity to trade in low amounts. In the same breath, popular exchanges like Coinbase, Binance, and Kraken are great for any beginner, making it possible to trade small portions of Bitcoin for smaller investments.

3. How does the Bitcoin trading fee affect my $100 investment?

Well, Bitcoin agencies charge an amount as fees on their trades, deposits and withdrawals. Although it seems like it’s an amount of a few pennies, it adds up very quickly if you are trading with only $100. Inspect the fee structure for the platform that you are using so that the amount you lose does not eat away at profits.

4. Is Bitcoin trading for beginners risky?

Yes, trading in Bitcoin is risky for beginners. Its price fluctuates drastically at a very fast pace, which may cause small investors to lose money relatively quickly. However, being careful can reduce risks. Proper research and a well-planned trading strategy can help a beginner minimize the risk and start with a small, manageable investment.

5. What are measures to avoid risks when trading Bitcoin with $100?

Minimizing risks, first and foremost, students should: Invest only the amount that can be afforded to lose. Use risk management tools like a stop-loss and profit-taking order. Avoid using too much leverage and remain patient, focusing much on the basic long-term goals rather than those that bring quick profits.

Summary

Bitcoin trading is an ideal choice for newbies, and they may begin trading with as little as $100. All of these may be carried out correctly, if done with plan and expertise. In this guide, we have explained how to trade Bitcoin with $100 for beginners. The most crucial step, however, is to exercise caution and steer clear of typical blunders while studying the essentials, which include selecting the best broker, knowing costs, and putting appropriate risk management into practice. You may develop all the skills and confidence you need for a long-term, profitable Bitcoin trading venture by starting small and trading wisely. Recall that although the market is erratic, with the correct strategy, you can safely traverse it and make well-informed decisions in line with your investing objectives.